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• Stanje Polovno

SIR ERNST BARKER

THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF PLATO AND ARISTOTLE

Izdavač - Dover Publications, New York

Godina - 19??

576 strana

24 cm

Povez - Broširan

Stanje - Kao na slici, tekst bez podvlačenja



SADRŽAJ:
INTRODUCTION
Origin of political thought in Greece, 1. The Greek idea of the State, 2. Constitutional changes and political thought, 3. Variety of types leading to discussion, 4. Greek political thought connected with Ethics, 5. Consequent peculiarities of Greek thought, 7. TOλITIKh a practical science, 8. Political Science a Science or an Art ? 10. Distinction of State and Society, 11. Athens and Sparta, 13. Connection of philosophy and practice

CHAPTER I - THE PRE-SOCRATICS, SOCRATES, AND THE MINOR SOCRATICS
PROVERBIAL THOUGHT AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE
§ 1. Proverbial Philosophy, 17. § 2. Pythagoreanism, 19. Pythagoreans in politics, 21. Heraclitus, 22. Natural analogies in political thought at Athens

THE STATE OF NATURE AND THE SOCIAL CONTRACT
§ 3. Disturbance of ancient custom, 28. Anthropology, 29. The Sophists, 30. Protagoras and Gorgias, 31. Man the maker, 32. Meaning of "Nature in the sphere of morality, 33. Might is Right, 35. Social Contract, 36. Superiority of a State of Nature, 37. General iconoclasm, 38. The Sophists and the Encyclopædists, 40. Political Pamphlets, 42. Ideal Constitutions

SOCRATES AND HIS LESSER FOLLOWERS
§ 4. Know Thyself, 46. Socrates a prophet, 48. Scientific Thinking, 49. Aristocratic tendency of Socrates' politics, 51. Socrates a Conservative, 52. And yet a Radical, 52. Overintellectualism of Socrates' views, 54. § 5. Xenophon's Cyropædia, 55. Cynic cosmopolitanism, 56. The Cyrenaics

CHAPTER II - PLATO AND THE PLATONIC DIALOGUE: THE DEFENCE OF SOCRATES
THE LIFE OF PLATO
§ 1. Plato and Socrates, 61. Plato a practical Reformer

THE METHOD OF PLATO
§ 2. The use of the dialogue, 64. Criticism of common opinion, 65. Use of analogy, 66. Dangers of analogy

THE EARLIER DIALOGUES OF PLATO
§ 3. The Apology: a defence of resistance, 68. The Crito: an explanation of obedience, 69. Virtue is knowledge, and therefore teachable, 71. The Meno, 71. The Protagoras: the Sophist's view, 72. Socrates' refutation of Protagoras, 74. The Euthydemus on political art, 75. The Gorgias: concerning shams, 76. Sham statesmanship

CHAPTER III
THE REPUBLIC, OR CONCERNING JUSTICE
THE PLAN AND MOTIVES OF THE REPUBLIC
§ 1. Plan of the Republic, 81. Division of the Republic, 83. The Republic and Economics, 84. § 2. The Republic directed against the Sophists, 85. Attack on contemporary politics, 87. Political ignorance, 88. Political selfishness, 89. Connection of Sophistic teaching and contemporary politics, 91. Plato's remedy

THE PRIMA FACIE THEORY OF JUSTICE
§ 3. Thrasymachus' definition of Justice, 95. Plato's formal reply, 96. Glaucon's conception of Justice, 99. Objections to Glaucon's conception, 99. Plato's methods of answering Glaucon

PLATO'S CONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE AND DISCOVERY OF TRUE JUSTICE
§ 4. Parallel of man and the State, 102. Plato's psychology, 103. Psychological construction of a State, 104. (i.) Appetitive or economic element, 105. (ii.) Spirited or military element, 107. (iii.) Rational or governing element, 108. Character of the Government, 110. Three-class system, 112. Criticism of class-system, 113. Advantages of division, 114. Justice discovered in the State, 115. Value of Plato's conception of Justice

PLATO'S THEORY OF EDUCATION
§ 5. A new education propounded, 119. Contemporary Greek education, 120. Plato's use of existing materials, 122. Psychological basis of his scheme, Education in its various stages, 123. Instruments of education, 124. Good, 125. Education culminates in the Idea of the Idea of the Good. The State and its rulers in relation to the idea of the Good 127. Art as an instrument of education, 128. Moral reform of Art, 129. The morality of Art, 131. Province of the State in respect of Art, 132. The education of reason, 134. Relation of the trained ruler to the State

COMMUNISM
§ 6. Relation of Platonic Communism to Education, 138. Communism necessary to the rule of reason, 139. (i.) Communism of property: its scope and character, 141. (ii.) Communism of wives, 143. Plato's dislike of the household, 143. The emancipation of women, 144. Plato's scheme of marriage, 145. § 7. Low view of marriage, 148. Plato's asceticism, 149. Reactionary spirit of the Republic, 150. Relation of communism to personality, 153. Plato destroys the basis of personality, 155. Organic Theory of the State, 157. Limitations of that theory, 158. The Republic as an ideal, 160. Plato and the tyranny of reason

CHAPTER IV - PLATO'S VIEW OF MONARCHY, AND OF THE MIXED STATE
THE ABSOLUTE MONARCH
§ 1. The Republic and absolute monarchy, 164. The aim of the Politicus, 165. Be Knowledge the criterion of the Statesman, 166. The Statesman and the Law, 167. The Monarch as making for harmony, 169. Monarchy a flexible government

PLATO'S CLASSIFICATION OF STATES
§ 2. Value of the Republic as an ideal standard, 172. Previous attempts at classification, 173. Platonic Classification

CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE
§ 3. Plato's sketch of changes not historical, 176. The practical purpose of the sketch, 178. The successive changes, 179. Plato's view of democracy

THE LAW STATE AND THE MIXED CONSTITUTION
§ 4. New Atmosphere of the Laws, 183. The Laws and Aristotle's Politics, 184. The Laws in relation to the Republic, 185. The State based on will, 186. Conception of law as the expression of rational will, 187. Plato's opinion of contemporary constitutions, 189. Historical sketch of the growth of the State, 190. Necessity of a mixed constitution, 191. Mixture of monarchy and democracy, 193. § 5. Foundation of a colony, 194. Government of the colony, 195. Economic structure of the colony, 197. Aristotle's criticism of the State of the Laws, 198. Defects of the State of the Laws, 200. Education in the Laws, 202. Theory of punishment, 203. Epilogue to the Laws

CHAPTER V
ARISTOTLE HIS LIFE AND TIMES: THE PLACE OF THE POLITICS IN HIS SYSTEM
THE SOURCES OF THE POLITICS
§ 1. Aristotle's relation to his predecessors, 208. Respect for popular opinion, Extent of his political information

THE LIFE OF ARISTOTLE
§ 2. Aristotle's early life, 213. Aristotle in Macedonia, 214. Aristotle and Athens

THE TELEOLOGY OF ARISTOTLE
§ 3. Aristotle's conception of Form, 218. Teleological view of the world, 219. Conception of Nature, 220. Relation of Nature and Art, 222. The end as the cause of development, 223. The end as giving an organic conception of the State, 224. Criticism of the teleological method, 226. The kingdom of ends, 227. The end as criterion of classification and standard of distribution, 228. The end as limit, 229. The mean

ARISTOTLE'S CONCEPTION OF THE UNITY OF THE STATE
§ 4. Aristotle's conception of Unity, 231. The nature of an association, 232. Criticism of Plato, 233. The State as a Compound, 234. Inner Unity of the State: Justice and Friendship

ETHICS AND POLITICS
§ 5. Division of Sciences, 237. Aristotle's conception of Political Science, 238. Political Science the master science, 239. Stages of moral growth, 241. The end of Life, 242. Scope of Political Science, 244. Connection of politics and ethics, 245. Extent to which politics and ethics can be connected, 246. Relation of Aristotle's Politics to his Ethics, 247. Ethics static: Politics dynamic, 249. Difficulties and discrepancies

FORM AND TEXT OF THE POLITICS
§ 6. Aristotle's method, 251. A constant discussion of current opinion, 252. Analysis, 254. Politics lecture-notes, 255. Reasons for this view, 256. Publication of the Politics, 257. Division into books, 258. Order of the books, 260. Politics unfinished, 261. Plan of the Politics,

CHAPTER VI
THE TELEOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE STATE
THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE
§ 1. Beginning of the Politics, 264. Natural origin of the State in human wants, 265. Growth of the household, 266. The village, 267. Development of the State, 268. The State a wider self, 269. The State natural, 269. The State based on reason, 271. Answer to Cynics and Sophists, 271. Aristotle's sketch and Greek History, 274. Patriarchal theory

THE ORGANIC CHARACTER OF THE STATE
§ 2. Use of term "organic" in Aristotle, 276. The State organic as an association, 277. State prior to individual because organic, 278. Other instances of an organic conception, 278. Limitations of an organic theory

THE END OF THE STATE
§ 3. The State's end a moral life, 281. The nature of happiness, 283. Need of material good things for happiness, 284. (i.) Moral life of State same as that of an individual, but with a distinction, 286. (ii.) Happiness of State same as that of an individual, 287. Should a State seek happiness in a life of action, or one of peace? 288. The practical and the philosophic life for the individual, 289. Identification of State and individual

CHAPTER VII
THE STATE AS A COMPOUND
THE UNITS OF THE COMPOUND
§ 1. The State as a compound, 293. Nature of citizenship, 294. Citizenship primary, 295. Narrow circle of citizens, 296. Modern citizenship less intense, though more extensive, 297. Citizen and "subject," 299. Creation of citizens

THE SCHEME OF COMPOSITION
§ 2. The identity of the State resides in the constitution, 301. Nature of the constitution a vital thing, 303. The constitution as determining the end of the State, 305. Constitution and government

THE CLASSIFICATION OF STATES
§ 3. Standards of classification-end of State, and spirit of government, 307. Standard of Two main types of constitutions: their subdivision, 311. subdivision-social class, 312. Classification in later books of the Politics, 314. Classification according to distribution of functions, 316. value of Aristotle's scheme, 317. Aristotle and Plato

CHAPTER VIII
ARISTOTLE'S CONCEPTIONS OF LAW AND JUSTICE
NATURE AND SPHERE OF LAW
§ 1. Law catholic and positive, 321. Law and the legislator, 322. Law as a spiritual force, 323. Stability of Law, 325. Law natural, 326. Conv